History of the Phrase Marketing Mix

History of the Phrase Marketing Mix Free Online Research Papers The term advertising blend got well known after Neil H. Borden distributed his article The Concepts of the Marketing Mix in 1964. In this article Borden clarifies how he initially started utilizing this term in the late 1940s after James Culliton portrayed the marketikng chief as a blend of fixings. These fixings in Bordens lessons included item, arranging, value, marking, appropriation channels, individual selling, publicizing, advancements, bundling, show, overhauling, physical taking care of, and actuality discovering investigation. These fixings were later gathered by E. Jerome McCarthy into four classes which we presently allude to as the four ps of advertising (NetMBA 2007). The four ps of advertising make up the promoting blend which is likely the most notable of all the showcasing terms. Its components are the essential, strategic parts of a promoting plan. The four ps, of the showcasing blend components are item, spot, advancement and value (Marketing instructor 2009). These four components make the advertising blend which impacts the advancement of any associations showcasing techniques and strategies. The idea is basic. Consider a cake and the parts of a cake. There are sure fixings that are required yet one can adjust the amount of every fixing is included. The equivalent goes with advertising. The four ps are required however relying upon the association there might be more accentuation on one and less on another. Yet, one thing continues as before, each of the four ps are fundamental. Most of individuals utilize the four ps yet some will utilize the five ps and include individuals. Others may even go up to seven and include individuals, physical proof, (for example, regalia, facilties, or attire) and procedure (NetMBA 2007). The association that has been chosen is the Londoner. The Londoner is an English bar and would be considered in the administration business. This paper will characterize the advertising blend just as how the four ps sway the improvement of the Londoners showcasing techniques and strategies. The first of the four ps of showcasing is item. The item is the physical item or administration offered to the shopper. On account of physical items, it additionally alludes to any administrations or accommodations that are a piece of the contribution. Item choices incorporate angles, for example, work, appearance, bundling, administration, guarantee, and so on (Marketing Mix 2009). As a rule, when individuals think about the item they don't consider everything that must be done in preperation for the item to be sold. With any item, be that as it may, the objective is to fulfill purchasers needs. The name of the item is critical when attempting to offer to individuals. The name of the association one has picked is the Londoner. At the point when individuals hear the name they autimatically consider London, England. In light of this, the proprietors designed the English bar similarly as English bars really seem to be. At the point when individuals stroll in to the Londoner they feel a s though they are in London. There are numerous indications of London, the lighting is diminish, and the furniture is provincial. At that point there is the products that are advertised. Being an English bar there are a wide range of English brews, for example, Fullers, Boddingtons, Guiness, Old Speckeled hen a so on. There is a wide range of kinds of food on the menu also. Most of the menu is Indian food, which is viewed as English food. Numerous individuals don't know about the solid Indian roots that England has yet they do. So by regarding England the menu has things, for example, Bangers and Mash, Shepards Pie, Chips and Curry, and Chicken Tiki Masala just to give some examples. Keeping with the subject of London, the juke box additionally has well known English groups on there, for example, The Beatles, The Who, The Rolling Stones and some more. Being an English bar, a large number of the clients are English themseleves. Another piece of the bundling of the Londoner is that they show all the soccer matches around the world. This is a crucial piece of the Londoners promoting technique. Numerous bars around Dallas keep an eye on just show the most famous games in the United States. Perceiving how soccer isn't as famous as football in the United States most places don't show it. What poeple don't understand is that soccer is the most well known game on the planet. The Londoner knows about this and they show all the games. Since the Londoner is one of the main places that shows all the soccer matches, poeple originate from everywhere throughout the metroplex to watch the games and go through their cash. The best part about the Londoner demonstrating these games, is that not normal for each other game, soccer goes all year. The second component in the advertising blend is place. Spot (or position) choices are those related with channels of conveyance that fill in as the methods for getting the item to the objective clients. The appropriation framework performs value-based, strategic, and encouraging capacities. Dissemination choices incorporate market inclusion, channel part choice, coordinations, and levels of administration (Marketing Mix 2009). Spot takes a gander at area, how the item will get to where it needs to and how the item will at that point be sold. Ordinarily place incorporates retailers, entire dealers and in the event that it is on the web, at that point is would incorporate an immediate channel. The Londoner sells primarly food and beverages. This being stated, most of the items are purchased from entire venders. There is a conveyance once every week that conveys napkins, straws, food, liquor and so forth to the store. Stock is done once every week by the executives to figure out what, and how much the store needs, at that point the request is put. The third components of the showcasing blend is cost. The cost of the item doesn't generally mean the particular cost however in many cases it is refering to the value strategy. As per Marketing Mix 2009, Pricing choices should consider overall revenues and the likely valuing reaction of contenders. Valuing incorporates the rundown cost, yet in addition limits, financing, and different choices, for example, renting. Contingent upon the item, the area and numerous different varibables the cost of the item may change starting with one area then onto the next. The cost of the item is normally dictated by the nature of the item and the objective purchasers. The cost of things sold at the Londoner are pointed towards the working class. Beverages are moderate just as the food. In the event that the food was costly nobody would come and business would endure. On the off chance that the items were evaluated to low, at that point there would be any benefit made. On the slowest days of the wee k, Sunday and Monday, the Londoner does party time throughout the day. The purpose behind this is to acquire business. Throughout the late spring costs will in general drop a bit. This is on the grounds that the late spring is the moderate season. Throughout the mid year individuals will in general go to different bars where the yard is greater so the Londoner brings down costs and run more specials to keep individuals returning. The last component of the showcasing blend is advancement. In many cases individuals consider advancement the business part of the blend. Deals is a piece of advancement just as promoting and advertising. Advancement choices are those identified with conveying and offering to expected shoppers. Since these expenses can be enormous in relation to the item value, an equal the initial investment investigation ought to be performed when settling on advancement choices. It is helpful to know the estimation of a client so as to decide if extra clients merit the expense of obtaining them. Advancement choices include publicizing, advertising, media types, and so on (Marketing Mix 2009). Advancement is a major piece of the Londoners showcasing stratgies. At the point when somebody needs a vodka cranberry, for instance, the client is constantly inquired as to whether they need dim goose. This is called up saleing and the explanation behind this is to deal a superior vodka since it costs more. Another way the Londoner advances themselves is by going to occasions like The Taste of Addison. Going to occasions like the Taste of Addison is an incredible method to get the word out about the Londoner. At occasions like this individuals can attempt the food and get toknow a portion of the representatives in order to help buisness. The showcasing blend is a significant piece of any association advertising systems. Every component, item, spot, cost and advancement all add to an associations achievement. The Londoner would not be as fruitful as they are if any of the four ps were forgotten about. NetMBA (2007). Business Knowledge Center. The Marketing Mix (The 4 Ps of Marketing). Recovered July 14, 2009 from netmba.com/advertising/blend/ Advertising Teacher (2009). Promoting Mix. Recovered July 14, 2009 from marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_marketing_mix.htm Advertising Mix (2009). The Marketing Mix-(The 5 Ps of Marketing). Recovered July 15, 2009 from http://facweb.eths.k12.il.us/feeleyd/smart%20lab%20support/adsmktg/marketing_mix.htm Exploration Papers on History of the Phrase Promoting MixMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHip-Hop is Art

Personal Reflection on My Dressing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Reflection on My Dressing - Essay Example All things considered, I don't wear tight garments, uncovering garments, or any garments that ignore my social morals. In reality, my social convictions and regard for my conventions characterize my dressing and body embellishment. My own convictions and qualities restrict me from wearing garments that will uncover my manliness. Additionally, I dress to fulfill my feelings and to stay in vogue. I additionally think about my situation in the general public and the need to regard others while dressing. As I look to keep up my nobility, I don't begrudge body embellishments like tattoos since they belittle individual convictions and social qualities, which restrict men from body decorations. I have confidence in time the board and consequently I wear watches and pick smart dressing to stay up with the cutting edge designs. Without a doubt, I dress to satisfy myself and stay moral in the assorted society. The principle factor that characterizes my decision of dress is to communicate my se ntiments and speak to my own convictions and qualities. Also, the need to stay moral and show demonstrable skill impacts my dressing choices and decisions. Moreover, my social qualities and parental direction impact my decision of dressing as I look to regard my folks and convention through my dressing. Quite, my folks are the caretakers of my social dressing convictions. In any case, the need to grasp advancement and stay trendy powers me to adjust among societies and design in my dressing. The climate likewise impacts my dressing decisions as I look to adjust to changed atmospheres and stay sound. Additionally, my brandishing needs and tolerability necessities characterize my dressing. The need to visit various settings likewise characterizes my dressing decisions since the working environment and going to talks will require explicit apparel. I likewise pick my dressing concerning the regard, morals, and ethical quality that I try to present to the general public.

On Essay Writing

On Essay Writing Hello there. Normally, I’d spend a few minutes trying to come up with a pithy line or a catchy hook to convince you to read the rest of this blog post, but unfortunately, the circuits in my brain in charge of expository writing are a bit fried. But please, I promise there’s a guide to essay writing buried somewhere here in all these words. Over the last three weeks, Ive been spending most of my free time on medical school applications, writing essays, or at the very least agonizing about writing essays. In what was most likely just another subconscious procrastination scheme, I collected some data from my work and tabulated them here. Secondary applications submitted: 7 Secondary applications pending: 7 Essays completed: 16 Essays pending: 17 and counting Total word count: 4,260 Total character count: 25,664 Number of times the space bar was used in final drafts: 4,234 The sum of all of these numbers: 34,205 You know what else is 34000+? The number of cities that Airbnb services! Hooray for numbers that add no value to our lives. ***Airbnb is not paying me to say this, I swear. I just googled 34,000+ and this is what came up. The point being: its exhausting. The process, at least the first two parts, is reminiscent of the college application process which, if I remember correctly, starts in the summer, kicks into high gear in the fall and then enters into a frenzy of last minute essays and application portal crashes in the last months of the year. For those of you already familiar with the application process for medical school, skip ahead past the italics to the actual guide! For those of you unfamiliar, Ive included a quick primer here for context: A Rough Timeline for Medical School Applications Infanthood high-school-hood: live life and consider maybe becoming a doctor (if you really want a leg up on the competition, get a head start in the womb!). Freshman year sophomore year: start checking off required/recommended courses (i.e. biology, organic chemistry, physics), sign up for extracurricular activities and explore career paths (finding yourself is optional). Junior year: take the MCAT, meet with the pre-health committee to prepare a committee letter (a compilation of all letters of recommendations), request letters from professors, advisors etc. June between junior and senior year: complete the AMCAS primary application. The primary application is like the Common App and includes coursework info, extracurricular activities, and a personal statement. The same application is sent to whichever schools you designate (although there are a few that dont participate). July-August between junior and senior year: complete secondary applications for each school that offers one. Secondary applications are unique to each school and generally include requests for more essays as well as any additional information they might need. Senior fall and winter: spend large sums of money to fly around the country and interview at schools. Senior spring: get accepted! (??!?!) The kicker? Primary and secondary applications are generally accepted on a rolling basis which means they start reading the applications as soon as they come in and they start offering interviews and acceptances as soon as they find qualified individuals. That means the longer you wait, the smaller the statistical probability of your acceptance gets. And now, for the actual guide I promised. I’ve compiled some advice, tips, and essay writing methods here that I’ve gathered over the years and that I wish I’d had four years ago when applying to college. I don’t claim to be an expert at essay writing by any means, but I mean, even the dullest tool in the shed gets wet when it falls into the well, right? (That’s definitely a real saying and not a poorly constructed mixed metaphor that I just made up.) The points are divided into the three phases of essay writing â€" before, during, and after â€" and despite the highly specific title in this posts tagline, they can be applied to essay writing or applications of any sort. Everyone works in different ways though, so if some of the things I do sound useless and unhelpful, then ignore them! Ok, let’s get started with this Guide to Essay Writing for the Express Purpose of Obtaining Admittance to an Institute of Higher Learning: Before: Essay writing for the express purpose of obtaining admittance to an institute of higher learning can be started before the essay prompts even become available. Being self-aware and reflective are two traits that will serve you well in life for many reasons, but having the foresight to exercise these traits early in life will make your essay-writing life a whole lot easier. 1. Start a CliffsNotes version of your life. Literally. Buy a notebook or create a new word document and start recording important thoughts, actions, and experiences from your life for easy reference in the future. You wouldn’t have to keep a daily journal of your life (although that would not be a bad thing!). Just jot down things that seem significant at the time. Even if you only update the CliffsNotes once a month or twice a year, anything will help when you sit down to actually start writing. The hardest part about essay writing for me is actually coming up with a worthwhile idea. This can be difficult if the prompt asks you to recall a time in your life when something happened but you can’t quite recall all of the things in your life that you once thought were important. It’s a relatively low cost and potentially high reward exercise that can help facilitate essay ideation. At the very least, it will provide you with something amusing to read thirty years down the line. “But what sort of things qualify as ‘important’ or ‘significant’?” Good question. 2. Know the questions they will inevitably be asking. It is a truth universally acknowledged that at some point in the application process, you will be confronted by a few ever present buzzwords, like LEADERSHIP!, DIVERSITY!!, TEAMWORK!!!, and ADVERSITY!!!! So don’t be surprised when they appear, usually in some variation of the “Tell me about a time when ___” prompt. Jot down examples that address these application juggernauts in the CliffsNotes version of your life. If you have obvious examples of leadership or teamwork then go ahead and list those roles, including also dates and time spent on each, which will come in handy years later when you are scrounging through weeks of your google calendar trying to figure these things out after the fact (I speak from experience). But also note down experiences that might be less title driven. Not everyone has been president of the student body or chair of a committee, so take note of moments when you might have exhibited these traits in a more understated way. Be aware of how you act in certain situations and reflect on whether or not you have been able to demonstrate strength in these common traits. Other buzzwords might also appear depending on specifically what you are applying for. For example, a med school application is definitely going to be asking you why you want to go to med school and whether or not you’ve participated in volunteering and shadowing experiences. Keep track of these as well. Finally, though I wouldn’t go so far as to say that you should pick your interests and activities solely in order to answer an essay prompt, I will say that it is naïve to think that you can get away with not fulfilling any of these expectations. Consider your own motivations and reasons for wanting to apply and consider what they in turn expect from applicants. Ideally, these would align, but if not, just be aware these gaps and how you might want to fill them in while planning your activities and personal development. During: So the applications have opened and it is now essay writing open season. This section of the guide covers the process from the moment the prompts are released to the sweet, sweet moment you click submit and the burdens of writing a good essay dissipate, only to be replaced by the gnawing anxiety of wondering whether or not they thought it was good enough. 1. Read the prompts immediately. Whether or not you are racing a hard deadline or a self-imposed rolling application deadline, you can benefit from reading the prompts as soon as possible. Sure, you might not actually get around to writing for another three months, but it’s important to be aware of what sort of answers you are looking for. It’s like priming your brain for a lightbulb moment. Inspiration can lurk in the most mundane and unexpected places but its value can only be understood by those who are prepared to recognize it. 2. Optimize your work environment. Everyone has a slightly different work style which means changes in environmental parameters can lead to improved or decreased work productivity. Some people thrive on the ambient sounds of their local coffee shop while others gag at the smell of coffee. Pretty sure you aren’t going to be producing your finest work while reflexively gagging every few minutes. Parameters to consider: location, snacks, sounds, personal comfort, etc. Experiment with mixing and matching different parameters until you find a set-up that feels most comfortable for you. For brainstorming, I’m partial to lying on the carpet in my living room floor with a bottle of water and my Spotify playlist drifting through a pair of earbuds. I’ve also found that listening to instrumental dramatic film scores can be extremely motivating. For work, silence is crucial and I usually sit at a desk in a library with a stick of gum to keep me awake but no food or drink to distract me. 3. Talk to people. Talk to them about some of the essay prompts and pick their brains. Sometimes hearing other people’s stories can help trigger associations of your own. Use a friend or a family member as a sounding board for your ideas. In the ensuing dialogue you can gain feedback about the impact and perception of whatever ideas are floating around in your brain. 4. Still feeling stuck? Try these random brainstorming strategies: a. Stream of consciousness â€" Set a timer (I usually go for two or five minutes depending on how ambitious I’m feeling), reread the essay prompt, then proceed to spend the allotted time typing out every single thought that pops into your mind. It’s important that you do not filter these thoughts. Forget about punctuation or sentence structure or grammar or capitalization. My streams often start with full sentences or thoughts, eventually devolving into fragments of phrases and ideas, peppered with the occasional complaint and unrelated tangent. If for some reason your brain thinks the word “mayonnaise” while you are typing, you are obliged to type the word “mayonnaise” exactly as it appeared in your stream of consciousness. #nofilter The purpose of this exercise is to allow your mind to freely associate different ideas, thoughts, and experiences. Often when we are brainstorming, we filter ideas out that we think are bad, but this precludes all of the constructive free associations that might have come from that bad idea. The exercise also forces your thoughts to be continuously moving. Another brainstorming pitfall is stalling and fixating on one idea. However, because the only premise of this activity is that you literally don’t stop typing for even one second, your brain is forced to constantly be coming up with new thoughts. Admittedly most of what you write will be garbage, but once you sift through the gibberish, it can be useful for uncovering ideas and topics that you might not have considered before. b. Bullet points â€" This is essentially a more concise version of the stream of consciousness in that you write down every single idea you have, both the good and the bad, as quickly as you can in bullet form. Then, you go back and write one or two sentences under each bullet, elaborating on how that idea might be constructed into an essay. If after you’ve written all the ideas down, some of them still seem like dead ends, cross them out and keep on paring the list down until you have just one or two ideas that you might seriously consider. Use this strategy in lieu of the stream of consciousness only if you are confident in your ability to leave your thoughts unfiltered. c. Staring at the ceiling â€" I do some of my best thinking while lying on the carpet and staring at the ceiling. Not really sure if this one is translatable to the general public but if you are at an absolute loss, give it a try! I think it helps because it allows my body to completely relax while my mind continues to grapple with the essay prompts. d. Writing by hand  â€" The benefit of writing by hand is two fold. For one, the tactile experience of physically writing out your thoughts can potentially be enough of a change to generate some new thoughts. Furthermore, you can doodle aimlessly in the corner and then angrily scribble out the bad ideas, which is therapeutic and calming. Secondly, and perhaps most importantly, writing by hand means you aren’t on your laptop which means that pesky thing we call the internet cannot lure you to the wayside with its siren song of distractions galore. 5. Just write. Sometimes the hardest part about writing is simply getting started. Once again, our internal filter can be our own worst enemy. For me, writing the first sentence is difficult because I spend too much time trying to make it perfect and that inhibits me from writing anything at all. Let’s just get this out of the way now: your first draft isn’t going to be perfect. You’re going to reread it later and realize that you weren’t as eloquent as you had first imagined. Take comfort in the fact that sometimes it isnt possible for you to determine the absolute best course of action from a purely conceptual standpoint. In this case, you shouldnt dwell on unknowable things. I’ve learned in other aspects of life, too, that instead of agonizing over what the perfect choice is, it is more efficient and productive to run with the best idea you have with the given information, test that idea out, evaluate its shortcomings, make adjustments, and repeat. Once you have your idea, just start writing. It’s ok if you end up writing the most generic opening line in the history of opening lines. It’s just a draft. You can fix it. You can even scrap the entire thing if it really is that terrible. But at the very least, you’ve narrowed down your options and you know what doesn’t work, which will ultimately help you craft a better, more polished essay. 6. But don’t forget to give yourself a break. This one is fairly self-explanatory but worth repeating. At first, after receiving the secondary applications and starting the clock on the rolling admissions process, I felt guilty every time I watched a movie or read a book. Every moment I spent having fun was another hundredth of a percentage point being chipped away from my acceptance probability. In retrospect, past-me-from-two-weeks-ago really needed to calm down. You can’t force quality writing. It isn’t one of those things where if you scrunch your forehead wrinkles extra hard and chant “I think I can I think I can I think I can”, something will magically happen. Yes, you have to put the time and the effort in and you have to work hard, but you should also be comfortable with the fact that sometimes, the time just isnt right. Walk away and come back later. There is such a thing as burning yourself out. That’s why, if you really want to write a great essay, you can’t start at the absolute last minute. You have to leave time for the natural ebb and flow of your writing to happen. So, don’t forget to give yourself a break. Relax a little. Like an oil change, its just another necessary part of the process. 7. While having a third-party read over and edit your work is great, try a few of these self-editing strategies too: a. Oldie but goodie: Leave it for a day and read it again with fresh eyeballs. You know how when you reread your favorite book, you end up kind of just skimming it because you already know what’s going to happen? The words aren’t really there to help you discover the story anymore but rather to remind you of the story you remember. This happened to me a lot of with the first three Harry Potter books. The plot and characters became so familiar that my eyes would involuntarily skip entire words and phrases as my mind filled in the blanks. I think the same thing happens when you reread your own essay over and over again right after you’ve written it. You literally just pulled those sentences out of your brain twenty minutes ago so when you go in for the reread, you might be inadvertently skimming your work and glossing over the things that need fixing. However, if you come back to the essay the next day or perhaps a few days later, you can attack it with fresh eyeballs and a somewhat more neutral perspective. b. Also oldie but also goodie: Read it out loud. Reading it out loud can help you recognize awkward phrasings, grammatical errors, or illogical breaks. This is essentially a variation of the Fresh Eyeballs Theorem which posits that you are more likely to catch errors in your own work when you change the lens through which you are viewing things. In the last case, waiting a day or two was a temporal change. Here, the change from visual input to auditory input can be enough to refocus your attention and help you catch those pesky mistakes. c. Print out a physical copy and whip out your trusty red pen. Another example of the Fresh Eyeballs Theorem. This time, you are swapping out the glare of a computer screen for printed ink on smooth white paper. The red pen is just an added bonus. d. Change the font in your word processor. This option is for the environmentally friendly essay writer who wants to save the planet one piece of paper at a time, or who maybe just doesn’t have access to a printer. Feel free to get funky with this one and try reading your essay in Broadway, Chiller, or even the oft reviled Comic Sans. If you’re feeling particularly adventurous, might I suggest Wingdings 2? In all seriousness though, changing the font will alter how you view the text and since spacing and word placement will change too, it’s especially helpful for catching the purely formatting related issues. 8. Find a way to motivate yourself by setting goals with a friend or with yourself. If self-imposed deadlines alone are not getting the job done, try teaming up with a friend to hold each other accountable. Sometimes the fear of breaking a promise to a good friend is enough to kick your butt into action. But if it’s not, come up with silly “penalties” like putting two dollars into a donut fund jar for every day you miss your deadline. Or award yourself for a job well done, such as eating a donut for every essay you finish by a designated day. Don’t like donuts? Well tough luck. I have nothing to say to you. After: Congratulations! You’re free! But now what? 1. Relax. It’s out of your hands. I’m stating the obvious here, but I think a lot of people need to be reminded of this from time to time (myself included). Think about literally anything except essay writing because there is absolutely nothing you can do to change anything! You put your all into those applications and essays and now it’s time to enjoy your hard-earned free time. For the worriers out there, I suggest distracting yourself with friends, family, and whatever it is that you do for fun. I personally have a long list of films and books I’m hoping to get to after this is all over. The End Thank you for reading this Guide to Essay Writing for the Express Purpose of Obtaining Admission to an Institute of Higher Learning :) I’m only halfway through my applications though so I’d be curious to hear what you think about the essay writing process and how all of you go about knocking these out of the park!

Essay Going Beyond the Pale with William Trevor - 1046 Words

Going Beyond the Pale with William Trevor In William Trevor’s short story ‘Beyond the Pale’, the reader is presented with a text that seethes with the angst of a writer whose country’s Colonial past has been gnawing on his bones. Although there is nothing unusual in this (especially in Irish writing), Trevor manages to fumble the ball in the course of his didactic strategy and snatch defeat from the jaws of victory: what should have been a successful indictment of British Colonial Rule in Ireland becomes nothing more than the grumbling of an intelligent writer who cannot negotiate his patriotic feelings. The story is presented as a first-person narrative by one of four English holidaymakers who regularly visit a small hotel, Glencorn†¦show more content†¦It is this ‘lone man’ who will act as the catalyst for Trevor’s unfolding of ‘the truth’. Three of the four decide take a morning stroll to the nearby village of Ardbeag; the fourth, Cynthia, Strafe’s wife, decides to stay at the hotel. It is ‘after talking to Cynthia for nearly two hours’ that the ‘lone man’ walks down to the rocks and drowns himself. At this point Trevor’s narrative becomes unstuck. Milly is totally unsympathetic towards Cynthia - not least because of Milly’s own relationship with Strafe - and it is this that both destroys and de-storys the narrative’s credibility. Cynthia, needless to say, is upset by the events in which she has been involved. It is when she relates the full tale of the Red-haired man that Trevor discards story-telling for preaching and historicizing. Cynthia is an Irish history buff. She has an awareness of the history of the place in which she takes her holiday. Milly does not care a single fig from the Malseeds’ garden for Irish history, or for anything Cynthia says. Suddenly, Milly is relating dates, facts and figures from Irish History, along with names of obscure historical figures. It may be feasible for Cynthia to relate this kind of narrative, but her narrative is delivered at one remove - indeed, Cynthia is creating a doublebraided narrative, that of the Red -haired man and her own learned narrative of Irish History. Naturally, for the tale demands it, the Red-haired man was devastated by the loss ofShow MoreRelatedEthical Proposal for Allsaints2978 Words   |  12 Pagesfashion brand, as AllSaint. However, the brand announced to the DIVA magazine that, ‘†¦ The ethical angle is not a way we choose to promote the brand.’ How I can insert the ethical values into the Rock fashion brand as a whole? For this reason, I am going to focus on the sustainable development for the fashion business first. Initially, I will suggest the brand to apply the sustainable fabric, Cannabis Satival, for a small part of the collection, campaign name is â€Å"Healthy Hemp Party†, and hop itRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages/Corbis ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 606 606 MINISTRY OF SOUND with no links to the local drugs gangs. He even hired a psychoanalyst to cope with the gangland threats that followed his drugs crack-down: If they say ‘we’re going to kill you’, you know what you’re up against. But the threats [from London’s East End drugs gangs] are much more sinister. The word is fed back that if the business is cut off, they will follow you home, go for your family, stab you or murder youRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesweaponry, and they also examine the ways that advances in these enmeshed fields of scientific and technological endeavor became emblematic in the cold war decades of national power and prestige, as well as symbols of modernity itself. They go well beyond the usual focus on the two superpowers INTRODUCTION †¢ 7 to look at â€Å"nuclear politics,† which encompasses both state initiatives and popular dissent, in former but diminished national great powers such as France and Great Britain and

Obesity is a Widespread Epidemic Essay - 1509 Words

The young child stands looking up at the tall machine filled with every food he could want and more, stuffed behind the thick glass. How likely is it that he’ll walk past and instead choose a nice crunchy carrot over his Cheetos? Simple choices like these add up over time to make up a lifestyle of habits. A child’s diet is the building block to their health and the nutrition that they intake at school is vital to the rest of their life. Despite previous efforts to reduce the abundance of junk food within school lunch programs, there is still a great need to rethink the availability of caffeine and snacks, saturated in fat that could potentially lead to an array of health issues. Obesity is a widespread health epidemic that is spreading†¦show more content†¦Type 2 diabetes is one of the most popular cases found throughout the world, and nearly 90% of people who have diabetes have type 2(Nordqvist). Though type 2 diabetes can be a result of genes, age, and race, obesity is one of the contributing factors (â€Å"National Diabetes Statistics, 2011†). If junk food is not suppressed it will lead to a continued chain reaction for the children within schools that will affect them for the rest of their lives. Habits are formed at a young age and when children have a surplus of junk food available to them through schools it’s too easy for them to get comfortable stopping at the vending machines to grab a quick snack and head to their next class. Slowly though, they become set in their ways and eventually that can lead to obesity, whether that’s later on down the road or now. Not only is it harder to break the habit once they’ve become older, but it may be too late. In 2010 nearly 2 million people who were 20 or older were diagnosed with diabetes (â€Å"National Diabetes Statistics, 2011†). 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The Family Nurse Free Essays

â€Å"It was the best of times; it was the worst of times . . . We will write a custom essay sample on The Family Nurse or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Charles Dickens penned this famous opening statement in one of his popular books which spoke about the changing times during his day. Much has not changed either, if people interpret these same words into today’s context. Families however, are encountering the constant and ever increasing bombardment of myriad pressures or more commonly now known as stressors. Spouses assume a variety of roles never before imagined during Dickens’ days. In most first world countries women live alone with children to support which made single parenting commonplace. In other words, every person’s choice has significant effects upon his own world and that of the rest of his immediate reach of influence. Another example is when women who used to stay at home prior to the industrial age started to assume multiple roles: homemaking plus other jobs aside from tending to children and husband. This has complicated the family set-up or when the husband is left at home with no work, most conflicts arise. Husbands rarely accept willingly the tasks that wives used to do such as cleaning, laundry and baby-sitting. Husbands start to become hostile and relationships take the downturn in scenarios such as when a husband perceives that the wife makes him feel she has become superior in the arrangement. The nursing profession has made great strides primarily towards the intervention aspects when nurses work as part of a team of health providers (as he/she takes on different roles) who address homelessness, facilities geared to aid the ageing; assess, care and administer prescribed therapeutic remedies to the mentally disturbed, spouses and families in crises and especially those physically undergoing the effects of various kinds of emotional, physical (including chemical), mental and sexual abuse (Alexander et al., 2000). Specifically, the family nurse can respond in many ways. Basically his/her role is in counseling. Knowledge not only in therapeutic techniques, medical or chemical drug application is not the only side to it. Counseling may come in the form of eliciting information on the issues or concerns of the family but it also has to do with the skills involved in both verbal and non-verbal communications such as active listening. The family nurse must be able to build rapport and establish credibility for the helping relationship to be effective. However, the family nurse must be knowledgeable as well on ethics that are expected to guide that relationship (Alexander et al., 2000). Reference: 1. Alexander, Margaret et al. THE FAMILY HEALTH NURSE CONTEXT, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND CURRICULUM: World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/family_health_nurse-oth-enl-t06.pdf    How to cite The Family Nurse, Essay examples

Values in Family Stories Essay Example For Students

Values in Family Stories Essay 1. 0Background of the Study Story telling is very common in a family institution. There are various types of stories that have been told in a family especially by parents to their children. Famous stories that have been told over and over again in many places will be fairy tale stories like Cinderella, Snow White and Sleeping Beauty. But in Malaysia, we have folktales like Bawang Merah Bawang Putih, Si Tanggang and Batu Belah Batu Bertangkup. Stories are not limited to fairy tales only, sometimes parents told their children stories about their own ancestor, blood kin, people that they knew and also their own experiences. We will write a custom essay on Values in Family Stories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Those stories can appear in many forms, such as horror, comedy, tragedy or inspirational genres. Story telling or narrative technique can convey the message effectively to the listeners as stated by W. Prat et al. (1999). Another journal by L. Vangelisti et al. (p. 337, 1999) describes narrative technique as; â€Å"The perspectives of everyday storytellers, as depicted in their narratives, provide an indication of how people see, experience and feel about their social world. † Moral value, gender role, culture, identity, idea and history can be distinguished as values. People acquire and learn value from their first environment that is their family. A research by Y. Samchez (1999) agrees that family institution play an important role in inculcating the desired values in the children of the family. However, different family might emphasis on different value even though all of them are positive values. Some values might be seen less important than the other values according to the family preferences. The more important values can be seen in the stories that are told the in the family. The more important the value is seen, the teller will stress it more in the stories. 1. 1 Statement of the problem Many research that had been done shows that story telling or narrative is a very useful medium in passing down values. It was also proven to be very effective. However, there are not many research has been done to identify what kind of story that had been told the most in a family. Not many research has been done to describe or to understand the difference value being stressed in a different family. Moreover, this research tries to find out the values in family through the children of the family’s perspectives. 1. 2 Objective and research questions The aim of the study is to identify what kind of stories that had been told in families that influenced young adults’ values. From the objective, several research questions have been identified, they are; 1. What kind of stories that had been told the most in the family? 2. Who was the teller? 3. Did the values were stated directly or not? 4. How the listeners perceive the stories? 1. 3 Significance This research is important to provide better understanding towards how values are conveyed in stories. It also can add up knowledge in terms of relation between language and sociolinguistics fields. This research will describe how different narrative styles are used to express different values and understand more about how human behavior related to the stories that they were told. It is also important for parents to understand this, so they can choose a best medium; kind of story to inculcate the values in their children effectively.

Recent Drops In The Stock Market Essays - Stock Market, Capitalism

Recent Drops In The Stock Market Essays - Stock Market, Capitalism Recent Drops In The Stock Market Recently, the stock market has been very unstable. After a period of extremely good business and market highs, it seems we are experiencing just the opposite. The market has become increasingly unsure and risky, even with well known companies. I believe the shift in the stock market is based partly with the oil crisis caused by OPEC and partly with constant bad reports presented by companies. Maybe if assessment firms gave good reports more often than bad ones, the market would go up. The market is such a roller coaster now that it is virtually impossible to predict even the most trustworthy stocks like Wal-Mart or Yahoo!. For instance, the technology company Sony, which just released a new video game system, has dropped like a rock on the market. In three days, their stock dropped over six points. Considering they have a brand new, highly recommended gaming system, shouldnt their stock be going up? They claim to have under-shipped, but what kind of excuse is that? The public knows that a large and powerful company like Sony has the

Elijah Muhammad, the Leader of the Nation of Islam

Elijah Muhammad, the Leader of the Nation of Islam For more than forty years, human rights activist and Muslim minister, Elijah Muhammad stood at the helm of the Nation of Islam- a religious organization that combined the teachings of Islam with a strong emphasis on morality and self-sufficiency for African-Americans. Muhammad, a devout believer in black nationalism once even said, â€Å"The Negro wants to be everything but himself[...] He wants to integrate with the white man, but he cannot integrate with himself or with his own kind. The Negro wants to lose his identity because he does not know his own identity.† Muhammad Rejects the Jim Crow South Muhammad was born Elijah Robert Poole on October 7, 1897 in Sandersville, GA. His father, William, was a sharecropper and his mother, Mariah, was a domestic worker. Muhammad workforce in Cordele, GA with his 13 siblings. By the fourth grade, he had stopped attending school and began working a variety of jobs in sawmills and brickyards. In 1917, Muhammad married Clara Evans. Together, the couple had eight children. By 1923, Muhammad had grown tired of the Jim Crow South saying, â€Å"I seen enough of the white man’s brutality to last me 26,000 years.† Muhammad moved his wife and children to Detroit as part of the great migration and found work in an automobile factory. In Detroit, Muhammad was drawn to the teachings of Marcus Garvey and became a member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. The Nation of Islam In 1931, Muhammad met Wallace D. Fard, a salesman who had begun teaching African-Americans in the Detroit area about Islam. Fard’s teachings connected the principles of Islam with black nationalism- ideas that were attractive to Muhammad. Soon after their meeting, Muhammad converted to Islam and changed his name from Robert Elijah Poole to Elijah Muhammad. In 1934, Fard disappeared and Muhammad assumed leadership of the Nation of Islam.  Muhammad established Final Call to Islam, a news publication that helped build the membership of the religious organization. In addition, Muhammad University of Islam was founded to educate children. The Temple of Islam Following the disappearance of Fard, Muhammad took a group of the Nation of Islam’s followers to Chicago while the organization broke off into other factions of Islam. Once in Chicago, Muhammad founded Temple of Islam No. 2, establishing the town as the headquarters of the Nation of Islam. Muhammad began preaching the philosophy of the Nation of Islam and began attracting African-Americans in urban areas to the religious organization. Soon after making Chicago the national headquarters for the Nation of Islam, Muhammad traveled to Milwaukee where he established Temple No. 3 and Temple No. 4 in Washington D.C. Muhammad’s success was halted when he was imprisoned in 1942 for refusing to respond to a World War II  draft. While imprisoned, Muhammad continued to spread the teachings of the Nation of Islam to inmates. When Muhammad was released in 1946, he continued to lead the Nation of Islam, claiming that he was Allah’s messenger and that Fard was in fact, Allah. By 1955, the Nation of Islam had expanded to include 15 temples and by 1959, there 50 temples in 22 states. Until his death in 1975, Muhammad continued to grow the Nation of Islam from a small religious organization to one that had multiple streams of income and had gained national prominence. Muhammad published two books, Message to the Black Man in 1965 and How to Eat to Live in 1972. The organization’s publication, Muhammad Speaks, was in circulation and at the height of the Nation of Islam’s popularity, the organization boasted a membership of an estimated 250,000.   Muhammad also mentored men such as Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan and several of his sons, who were also devout members of the Nation of Islam. Muhammad died of congestive heart failure in 1975 in Chicago. Sources Muhammad, Elijah. How to Eat to Live - Book One: From God In Person, Master Fard Muhammad. Paperback, Reprint edition, Secretarius Memps Publications, August 30, 2006. Muhammad, Elijah. Message to the Blackman in America. Paperback, Secretarius Memps Publications, September 5, 2006.

Assessment Task2 an individual report on international marketing Research Paper

Assessment Task2 an individual report on international marketing environment assessment - Research Paper Example Facilitating international business and marketing has been the underlying strategy of Australia that is directed towards strengthening the country’s economy and the country has been able to achieve that this far. The study of these factors has also enabled the researcher to determine the major challenges for international marketers as well as major prospects for international marketers in the country. The study concludes that although the Australian marketing environment is associated with certain drawbacks, the benefits and opportunities that it provides to the global marketers outweighs all drawbacks and constraints and makes marketing in Australia a prospective decision. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2.International marketing environment in Australia 5 2.1.Political forces 5 2.2.Economic forces 6 2.3.Financial forces 7 2.4.Social forces 8 2.5.Cultural forces 8 2.6.Technological forces 9 2.7. Legal forces 9 3. Current challenges for international marketers 10 4. Opport unities for international marketers 10 5. Conclusion 11 Reference List 12 1. ... International marketing is the process of marketing on a global scale by integrating or taking commercial advantage of operational differences that can be identified globally as well as the similarities and opportunities present all over the world in order to fulfil objectives as far as expanding internationally is concerned (Baack, Harris and Baack, 2013). The authors have explained that international marketing involves the activity of franchising, exporting and merging or a complete direct entry of a marketing organization into a foreign country. Following this, a company needs to develop a marketing mix specific to the country of expansion as a part of its international marketing strategy (Buckley, 2002). It can be as straightforward as implementing an existing marketing strategy, product mix and tools for export and alongside that, the company can formulate highly complex relationship strategy that includes localization, pricing, regional product offerings, production and distrib ution. Globalization and international marketing caters to meet the needs and requirements of the targeted foreign country whereby a company can export its value, thereby achieving optimization and efficiency in economies of scale and scope as well as facilitating inter-firm and firm learning (Felzensztein et al., 2013). The abovementioned theories explain the importance of international marketing as far as a company’s growth and success strategy is concerned. For a company planning to expand internationally, a detailed judgement of the market prospects along with a thorough evaluation of the PESTEL environment of the target country is pivotal. This is primarily

Construction Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Construction Project - Essay Example The sector of construction has been playing some significance role in developed as well as undeveloped countries. The workforce in the developing countries such as Jordan is not perceived as a significant input to the industry despite the fact that labour from the construction project contribute the most significant and biggest percentage of the entire costs of project. Thus control of labour costs becomes very crucial for the sake of profitability in this industry. Due to this the managers and contractors considers this labour as high-risk thus any wastage reduction indicates big potential for increase in production efficiency. The Jordanian construction labour force has features of manual, traditional and hard labour. The workers, who have wide range of abilities and social-cultural backgrounds productivity, have their productivity affected by several factors. Research by Kazaz (2008) indicates that there is generally poor productivity of the construction craftsmen which becomes one of the most daunting problems of human resource. There is also poor efficiency of the construction labour. The major reasons for this include the fact that the sector has hardly been employing normal relations and policies related to labour. There has also been ignorance by the managers to perceive the various factors which have impact man power productivity. Productivity risk factor has also been found to create very strong effect on the duration of the construction projects. The poor labour Productivity has led to time overruns in these projects (Kazaz, 2008). Innovative development or improvement of existing practice The workers are the key in every project especially in a construction project. Even amidst the technological advances and innovations happened in the construction sector, the role of the workers cannot be underestimated. They are instrumental in determining the success or the failure of a project; defining the project goal, organization of the project, directing, coordinating and monitoring project activities. They achieve these goals using their interpersonal and organizational skills such as communication, delegation, decision-making and negotiation (Thwala &Monese, n. d, p. 5). Motivation of the workforce is an essential requirement for the growth of an organization irrespective of in which country or region it operates. The needs of the people are changing day by day and traditional motivational techniques may not work in today's work environment. Man, Material, Machine and Money are the four essential resource requirements for an organization. Among these 4M's manpower seems to be the most important one since the manpower controls all the other resources. Man cannot function like a machine since man has physical and mental requirements like food, shelter, happiness etc. In fact man is working only for catering these requirements. Whenever the organization fails to meet the physical and mental requirements of its workforce, the result would be less productivity. The sector of construction has been playing some significance role in undeveloped countries. The workforce in the developing countries such as Jordan is not perceived as a significant input to the industry despite the fact that labour from the construction

Numeracy Levels in BT1 Training Programme

Numeracy Levels in BT1 Training Programme Research Methods BT1 Numeracy Abstract This research will investigate the readiness of students to join the basic training program. It will focus on the perceptions of staff at No1 Radio School while marrying these comments to student performance. The research will focus on the levels of numeracy within the student population and their ability to apply this to the course material, whilst relating this to their current level of qualifications. These issues are not purely associated with the Royal Air Forces training but are prevalent throughout the education and training sectors. The subjects of literacy and numeracy have been identified as areas that are vastly under research, it is hoped that the issues raised in the short research project will identify further research questions that in turn may form part of further research. Introduction The field of work this research will investigate lies within the MoD, specifically the RAF at DCAE Cosford. The school being used to conduct this research is No1 Radio School, delivering training to Basic Trainees and Assimilation Trainees for all ground trades now known as Trade Group Four (TG4). The students ages range from 17 to 30 years of age. This research will focus on one specific target group, Basic Training 1 (BT1). These students are new members of the Royal Air Force and will have just completed their basic training at Halton (Ten weeks); they have come to Cosford to begin their trade specific training. The course is ten months in length, over which the students will cover both principles and trade training. The entry requirement for this trade is a minimum of three GCSEs, in Physics, Maths and one other subject. However they do accept some individuals with lesser qualifications as an exception and occasionally current members of the RAF who wish to change their trade. The trade requirements are specific and therefore it would be reasonable to assume the students basic level of literacy and in particular numeracy, would be sufficient to allow them to develop throughout this course. Research Issue. This research will look specifically at the levels of numeracy within the BT1 student population. It will try and identify if there is a problem and seek to provide evidence of any issues while providing recommendations for improvement. To ensure that there is no breach of ethics, the research will focus on the perceptions of the staff and the results from the students. This research issued raised questions that required answering, why is it that qualified students find the level 2 key skills and the level 2 maths phase of the BT1 training difficult? It is these issues that have intrigued me for some time. I believe this issue is worthy of research, however it is quite possible that additional questions will be raised that fall outside the scope of this research and may require additional research before they can be answered. Research Focus It has become apparent that new students entering the Royal Air Force as trade group 4 operator maintainers, although qualified for trade do not appear to posses the prerequisite knowledge required to complete the Key Skills at level 2 and the Maths phase of the course. That is not to say they all fail. That would be far from the truth, it is the difficulty they demonstrate when completing this phase of the course. The reason that this research is so important is this first phase of the course is crucial for the students. It gives them the skills and knowledge they require, which in turn will allow them to apply this knowledge to new problems and situations as they progress through the course. These skills could be considered tools of the trade, without a good grasp of these concepts the students will not gain the maximum benefit from the course. Literature Literacy and numeracy have become major issues in the field of education since the Moser report 1999, the working group chair by Sir Claus Moser in the opening statement of the report stated, Something like one adult in five in this country is not functionally literate and far more people have problems with numeracy. Moser, C (1999) This statement is met with surprise when you discuss this subject, however Moser states, We have found that people are staggered when one confronts them with the basic facts about literacy and numeracy, and rightly soIt is a state of affairs that cannot be allowed to continue, and our Report proposes a wide ranging approach to the challenge Moser, C (1999) Many organisations have concerns about the statistics when it comes to Literacy and numeracy in the adult population, Wells, A (2004) states, Surveys in the 1990s suggested that between 15 and 19 per cent of adults had poor basic skills. However, the International Adult Literacy Survey in the late 1990s suggested a much higher figure of 23 per cent or seven million adults. Wells, A (2004) Are we seeing a true picture of the problem? This research has highlighted concerns from staff about the students abilities. It would seem from the statistics that there is a strong correlation. One area this research was unable to quantify was how does gender affect numeracy, It was not possible to confirm or deny this because there were insufficient females included in the sample group to make a good judgement. However a recent article published by the DFES suggests there is a considerable difference between females and males when it comes to numeracy. Grinyer, J (2006) states, Women and men perform near equally for literacy, but men significantly outperform women at numeracy. Grinyer, J (2006) At level 2 this is an interesting fact and one that is perhaps worth of further research. If gender is an issue then what about current qualification level. Grinyer, J (2006) states Highest qualification appears to be the best predictor of an individuals literacy and numeracy level, with parental background and local deprivation having larger effects than current employment status Grinyer, J (2006) Research Hypothesis. The research hypothesis should be constructed in such a way that the research can disprove the hypothesis. So while the researcher believes students have issues with numeracy that directly affect their ability to perform throughout the course, and that the accepted entrance qualifications standards do not reflect the abilities of the students, the hypothesis should refute this. (See the hypothesis) The Hypothesis for this piece of research is: All BT1 trainees are sufficiently numerate to attend the BT1 course, as all trainees are qualified to a minimum standard. (Three relevant GCSEs) Research Hypothesis. There are a number of possible questions encompassing a range of different methodologies the scope of this research will be limited to one Research question, below are two possible questions. Why do students on the BT1 course suffer with the issue of numeracy when attending the taught lessons, completing assignments and examinations when they are course qualified? How do staff perceive the readiness of students on the BT1 course to deal with the academics of the course? After consideration and due to the constraints of this research it was decided to use the later, an interpritivest approach. Using this question offers the research some distinct advantages, firstly a limited scope and secondly and more importantly, it eliminates the students from the research which removes a large percentage of the ethical issue that may arise from questioning the students directly. This research should identify how instructors feel about the perceived problems students have when using the different forms of numeracy. Mercer, N states, one function of theories is to set agendas for research  ¿Ã‚ ½ to generate certain kinds of questions which the research will attempt to answer. Mercer in Walford (1998 p.42) This question could use a likert style method of answering, thus allowing the individual to grade their agreement or disagreement of the above question. This question as it stands would not necessarily be suitable for the students to answer as it is likely to produce a Yes/No response, however it could be acceptable for the staff. The same question could be asked in a different way. i.e. How has the GCSE maths helped the students with their study of the other principle subjects? Although it would be more difficult to analyse a short answer would bring out more of the individuals feelings, where as the likert style just grades the agreement or disagreement. Other questions that might be asked are: I. Do you feel the students could complete this course successfully without this qualification (GCSE maths)? II. How did the students maths affect their ability to complete this phase of training? III. Has the student qualification helped them with their studies? Youngman (1986) in Bell said, The more structured a question the easier it will be to analyse. Bell (1999 p.119) Research Paradigm What is a paradigm? A Paradigm  ¿Ã‚ ½ group of coherent ideas about the nature of the world and of the functions of researchers that are adhered to by a group of researchers, conditions and patterns of their thinking which underpins their research actions. What paradigms exist? There are a few key paradigms that exist within educational research positivist and Interpretiveist. Positivist research uses scientific, Statistical analysis and empirical methods, Cohen and Manion said, Traditionally, the word refers to those techniques associated with the positivistic model  ¿Ã‚ ½ eliciting responses to predetermined questions, recording measurements, describing phenomena and performing experiments. Cohen and Manion(1996 p.38) Interpretiveist research deals with human emotions, personnel perspectives. Cohen and Manion said, The central endeavour in the context of the interpretive paradigm is to understand the subjective world of human experience. Cohen and Manion(1996 p.36) Ethnographical methods are interpretivist. Gall, M. et al (1996, p607) say, Ethnography involves first hand, intensive study of the features of a given culture and the patterns in those features. Judith Bells thoughts on quantitative and qualitative research identify that quantitative researchers collect facts and study the relationship. They are measured using scientific techniques producing quantifiable and generaliseable conclusions, where as a qualitative perspective is more concerned with individuals perceptions of the world; Seeking insight rather than statistical analysis. In addition she concludes that on occasions qualitative researchers draw on quantitative techniques and vice versa. This would suggest that one method alone does not have all the answers and therefore we could consider various methods when conducting research. This research will use an interpretiveist methodology, this approach has been selected as the most appropriate as the information will come from members of staff, the information they provide will be their interpretation of the situation hence interpretiveist. This approach has been chosen as more appropriate than positivist approach because there is little scientific evidence and the amount of data collected would be insufficient to produce any valid statistical analysis. Ethnographical and eclectic research was also dismissed although it bridges the gap between Positivist and Interpertiveist research. It would however,still have positivist elements as mentioned previously. However the over arching reasoning for adopting an interpretiveist approach was the limited nature of this research project. Although, it is hoped that the findings from this research will generate further questions and spark yet further research questions for future research Research Methodology This style of research could be considered a case study, as its focus is centred on a specific group of students, belonging to a single organisation. Cohen and Manion state, a case study researcher typically observes the characteristics of an individual unit  ¿Ã‚ ½ a child, a clique, a class, a school or a community Cohen and Manion (1996,p106) While this approach would work it is more suited to a continuous improvement program and not a specific piece of research, in addition the length of time it would take to conduct a program of this nature makes this approach unsuitable. In planning the research, various methodologies were considered, however due to the limited nature of this research and to limit the impact of ethical issues, this research decided that an Interpretiveist approach would be most suited. This style of research is relevant, as the research will investigate the attitudes and opinions of the staff and not the students, while using student data to support or refute the findings. To facilitate this research there were a number of preferred techniques available for gathering the data: Interviews / Meetings Academic results Reference to external sources (Collages, Universities, Schools, Government Departments) The main reason behind this strategy, methods and analysis tools was time. The other key issue was ethics, for these reasons this research will be conducted through focus group meetings with staff using structured questions, this data will then be compared with the average results for a class. This approach will limit the impact of ethical issues and allow some conclusions to be drawn. This approach was discussed with the staff that felt that due to busy teaching commitments this was the most appropriate solution. Judith Bell states, Talking through problems and possible topics with colleagues is an essential stage of any plan. Bell (1999 p.21) The focus group will consist of five lecturers and four instructors, it is envisaged that a single meeting will take place to pose the questions to the staff. The data will be collected via questions directed to the staff in discussion groups; the responses of the staff were recorded. (See Annex B) To support the findings from the discussion groups the students results will be analysed. Data Collection instruments The data collection will be achieved through structured questions delivered at group meetings where the responses will be tabulated; this will give a feeling for the staffs concerns and perhaps some misconceptions. It will also allow any further research to focus its attention on specific areas of concern. Once the data has been collected this can be cross referenced to the student results, identifying any disparities, in addition student results and student retention rates may be useful sources of information. The other methods considered were, interviews, these could be time consuming, as staff are not always available. A well constructed questionnaire could produce valid reliable results in a reasonable time frame. However due to the limited time constraints, this research will utilise meetings with a number of groups and evaluate comments from those meetings to produce an Interpretivist style report. This will not provide hard evidence, however it will illustrate any concerns or trends that may be apparent which in turn could instigate further research. This approach although less structured will give a general feel for the issues, which could lead to further research questions. Sapsford and Jupp note the following facts about collecting data, There are both advantages and disadvantages to both highly structured and less structured methods; in no sense is it true to say that one is more objective than the other. Sapsford and Jupp (1996, p94) Research validity ensures the data collected is accurate and meaningful, collecting data in a non valid way would affect the final analysis; which may produce misconceptions when analysing the research data, thus rendering the research valueless. The research will improve validity through accurate data collection and careful analysis of the results, in addition reliability and repeatability could be enhanced through the triangulation of the data collected. Triangulation is method of verifying the data, checking and ensuring accuracy and ensuring that the findings are qualitative and thus reducing the chance of unsubstantiated data. Cohen and Manion said, Triangulation may be defined as the use of two or more methods of data collection the study of some aspect of human behaviour. Cohen and Manion(1996 p.233) The triangulation of the data was achieved through data collected from the meeting notes; these were then supported by student results and reference to national statistics. Chosen methods of data collection. This project will use a structured set of questions derived from the research question. The aim was to ask these questions at the focus group meeting, where the staffs responses and opinions were recorded. The rationale behind the choice of research and the methodology is predicated upon the limited nature of the research this in turn has limited the choice of methodology (interpertiveist). The limited time scale in which this research was conducted has in turn restricted the modes of research used to produce the data for evaluation; the aim was to gain a feeling from the staff as to how they perceived the research issue. The use of structured questions helped guide the process of data gathering and allowed the collection of data within a very short time scale, this was imperative due to the limited time constraints of this research. The interpritiveist approach allows the staffs feelings to be represented against the set criteria thus giving a good degree of relevant data for analysis. While this approach aided the collection of data at a rapid rate it did not offer the widest selection of data. Other methods could have produced further data to support or refute the findings. However this research hopes to triangulate its findings against student data (examination and assignment results). Research ethics. The matter of ethics is an important one; if the researcher wants to achieve open and honest answers they must consider ethics when conducting the research. To reduce the impact of this research the methodologies have been carefully chosen to reduce the data collection to that of the staff. The students results will be anonymous, to such an extent that the research will not identify the individual students, thus reducing the opportunity for others to identify individuals through the results and class group. Researchers cannot always predict what they might find and they may not like what they find; however it is the duty of the researcher to be open and honest about the research they are conducting. These are some of the things to consider when conducting research: Peoples amenity, that is to say protecting an individuals identity, ensuring that a respondents comments cannot be tracked back to a single individual or group. The Oxford Brookes University classifies research ethics and says, The integrity of any research depends not only on its scientific rigour, but also on its ethical adequacy. Ethical issues are many and varied, and may be quite complex. Research involving human participants is undertaken by many different disciplines and conducted in a broad range of settings and institutions. While some issues are specific to professional groups, all research should be guided by a set of fundamental ethical principles to ensure the protection of human participants. Wood,L (2006) Design Constraints One of the main issues when conducting any form of research is time; given enough time the research could produce massive amounts of facts, figures and an impression of peoples feelings. In addition to time there is always the cost of conducting research. However most organisations would expect any form of research to be conducted within certain time constraints, thus limiting costs and obtaining results within that time frame. Therefore the research can only be expected to deliver some of the information that is available, and that data would need to be substantiated through triangulation, generalisability and reliability. It is the limited nature of this research that has influenced the chosen methodology, interpertiveist. Although this may limit the validity of the research, the triangulation of the staffs comments and answers to the set questions when linked to student results, should give a reasonable confidence in its findings. Analysis of Results The questions asked at the focus group and the responces are given below: The group was asked, Are current BT 1 Trainees academically equipped to join this course? The staff responded with the following statements: Although students are qualified they do not seem to be prepared for the challenges this course offers. Some staff feel that GCSEs are a lower level qualification than a traditional O level (This used to be the entry requirement some years ago.) Although the students are qualified they do not seem to have the prerequisite skills to work effectively on the course. Students do not seem to remember some of the basics of mathematics. It would appear from the response that the staffs perception is that students are not prepared for this course and that the qualifications they hold do not reflect the students abilities. The BBC news web site on 30 October 2003 stated, The survey found 47% of the adults in England or 15 million people had a lower level of mathematical knowledge than was needed to gain a grade G at GCSE. The Department for Education and Skills blamed decades of neglect for figures showing millions of people lacking basic literacy and numeracy skills. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3227263.stm There seems to be a general distrust of current qualifications as opposed to the traditional O Levels. This was the minimum entrant standard for this trade. The group was then asked, Which area of the course do students find difficult? The Maths is the most difficult for students because they do not possess the basic skills required to complete the work. Key Skills, Numeracy Some struggle with Electronic fundamentals mainly due to a lack of maths ability. They coped well with Addition and subtraction, however multiplication, division were more problematic. Additional areas where students struggled were percentages, area and fractions. These are not the only subject areas where students found difficulty, however they cover the major problem areas. These issues are similar to those identified in a recent TES, they stated, In last years skills action plan, the Assembly government revealed that 24% of the working age population lacked level 1 literacy skills and 53% level 1 in numeracy. In Wales, 20% have no qualifications compared with 14% across the UK (TES Cymru, June 30 2006) The focus of the problem seems to be centred on the Maths / arithmetic elements of the course. One of the key areas was Key Skills, in particular numeracy. Students seemed to find this difficult; they did not seem to posses the basics. Staff were asked to consider, Are there any circumstances that might affect students ability to perform on the course? Poorly prepared when leaving school. Length of time away from a learning environment. Lack of ability Some seem unable to apply previously learnt knowledge to new situations. Its is difficult to believe the students were poorly prepared as they all are qualified, suggesting they once had the knowledge, however it is interesting to note the comment about the length of time, as it is well known that constant and repetitive use of knowledge aids retention, lack of use leads to little or no retention of knowledge. A recent news article in the Daily Mail by HARRIS, S (2006) stated, One in five about to embark on teaching careers still have problems spelling and using punctuation as well as doing the most simple multiplication, division and percentages. Harris, S (2006) The question, Do you believe the students are suitably qualified? Staffs response to this was, Yes, they are for the trade and on paper, but do the qualifications match up to the expectations of the course? This alludes to a previous question about students being prepared. Do the qualifications meet the minimum requirements of the course. The answer is yes they do, however there seems to be a void between students retained knowledge and the paper qualifications. To illustrate this issue the House of Commons raised the issue of literacy and numeracy with the Secretary of State for Defence being asked, how many and what proportion of new recruits to the army in the last 12 months had (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills at or below (i) entry level 3, (ii) entry level 2 and (iii) entry level 1. Mr. Touhig replied, Consolidated literacy and numeracy initial assessment figures for recruits to the army in the period 1 November 2004 to 31 October 2005, are provided as follows. Literacy Numeracy Entry level 1 Entry level 2 Entry level 3 Entry level 1 Entry level 2 Entry level 3 Percentage 0.71 7.81 32.51 0.19 7.65 37.11 Number of recruits 72 795 3310 19 770 3737 Total number of recruits(11) Literacy Numeracy These figures were given from an Official Report, column 98W on departmental staff literacy and numeracy. No Author (2005) The group was also asked, Are students prepared for the academic rigor of this course? No, Students are ill prepared when it comes to learning in this environment. This may also relate to the time away from a learning environment, the beginning of the course is quite intensive and therefore the students find it difficult to get back into a learning environment. In summary of the responses, the staff feel the students were inadequately prepared for this course. However this was not for lack of qualifications more a perceived difference between the more traditional O Level and the existing GCSE qualifications, while the time away from the learning environment may have its part to play. Student results for the first eight classes illustrate that not all students struggle to achieve good results. (RAF pass is set at 60) So could this purely be a staff issue and not one of the students. As the results below indicate some classes obtain reasonable results, that is to say, not all struggle. The results for the first eight classes are shown below: Maths BT1/01 BT1/02 BT1/03 BT1/03 BT1/05 BT1/06 BT1/07 BT1/08 59 66 75 56 72 66 68 62 Electronic Fundamentals BT1/01 BT1/02 BT1/03 BT1/03 BT1/05 BT1/06 BT1/07 BT1/08 68 73 82 77 73 74 59 While these classes passed the respective subjects, there are some low scores in maths for classes 1, 4 and 8. Electronic Fundamentals produces better results, however class 1 and 7 have still scoured low marks. This information is not entirely conclusive as can be seen from the results, some classes did well. Findings The hypothesis has been refuted through the data collated from staffs responses to questions and the student data, all be it limited in nature this research has been shown to support the staffs comments. The analysis of the questions suggests a lack of ability on the students part, this however does not seem to be predicated on qualification. The staffs perceptions of students abilities seem to suggest the students are not sufficiently prepared to attend this course, more over they are not used to the training methods utilised within the MOD. These facts when grouped together cause the students and staff some problems, however this is not to say that large numbers of students are failing to achieve a pass in these subjects, therefore is there a problem? On the face of it, no. However modifications to the training methodology and some additional sessions may improve some of these issues. This research has investigated a broad range of issues relating to new students entering the RAFs BT1 training program, their ability to cope with the academic pressures of the course and their ability to complete the work to the required standard. It would appear many students, although qualified on paper have some difficulty when it comes to the Maths and Electronic Fundamentals phases. Some of the underlying problems relate to the methods of delivery on the course as it is unlike traditional academic institutions. This means that the students take time to adjust to this training methodology and as the Maths and Electronic Fundamentals phase of the course is at the front end, it does not allow sufficient time for this adjustment to take place. On the subject of time between learning, many students left school twelve months before joining the course and have not practiced these skills for some time. As with the maths unless a student continues to use these skills they are quickly forgotten. However this does not explain why students do not remember when prompted. Perhaps this could point to a lack of understanding at the initial point of learning and may require further research to substantiate this theory. Recommendations This piece of research has been limited in its nature, however it has allowed the researcher to gain a wider perspective on these issues, to further improve this work and make the findings more valid it is proposed to include the students in any future research. The students were excluded in this case to speed up the data collection and to reduce any ethical issues that may arise from the research. Further research could be developed from the fi

A Separate Peace Chapters 6-10 Essay

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Making Music With Different Online Programs - 2787 Words

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Positivist Criminology And The German School Of Three...

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